陈绍光去年在第36届世界空间科学大会上作报告：用广义相对论推导出奇性黑洞不存在
陈绍光在COSPAR2006 的E1.2/H0.2-2专题中作报告指出: 由于爱因斯坦方程是非线性方程, 遵从广义相对论的引力不满足线性迭加原理, 使得无论多大的中子星其内部的引力都不可能超过中子气的简并压力, 因此无限大密度与无限大引力的奇性黑洞不可能产生。中子星内部是一个对外无任何信息交流尤其是对外无引力作用的黑洞，中子星的形成就表现为引力质量的损失或负引力(或反引力)的出现,被称为暗物质与暗能量现象实质上是就是爱因斯坦方程是非线性效应。
详见会议论文集光盘：COSPAR2006-A-00624；E1.2-0040-06
Black hole inside neutron stars caused by nonlinear effect of Einstein’s equation
Chen Shao-Guang
Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences-Jiangxi, P.R.China
Email: ch503en @ 163.com ,
According to the variance in mass of inductive gravitation deduced by H.Bondi from general relativity〔H. Bondi, Proc. R. Soc. London A 427,249 (1990)〕and the definition of force
f ≡ δ(m v)/δt ＝m(δv/δt )＋v(δm/δt )
a new gravitational formula was obtained:
f ≡ δ(m v)/δt ＝f P ＋ f C ＝ －G(m M / r 2 ) (r/r)－G(m M / r 2 ) (v/c) (1)
f P ＝m(δv/δt ) is produced by the rate of variance in velocity v when the mass m is invariable. Because Newtonian gravitation law is included in the general relativity (GR), when not partial-difference for m, the mass m is invariable, it implies that the mass may produce the gravitational field but the gravitational field should not lead to the variance in mass. i.e., the mass m should be an invariable parameter and the fourth dimension momentum m c (or energy m c 2 ) should be entirely independence on three-dimension momentum m v. In other words, the energy and the momentum should not compose the four-dimension momentum-energy vector and tensor. So, the gravitational equation should change into linear from nonlinear, and Einstein’s equation should degenerate into Newtonian law: f P ＝m(δv/δt ) ＝ －G(m M / r 2 ) (r/r)
f C ＝v(δm/δt ) is produced by the rate of variance in mass when the velocity v is invariable. First according to the mass-energy relationship in special relativity we getδm /δt ＝δE /c2δt , again from the conservation of four dimension momentum–energy vector P–E in special relativity, we getδE /δt ＝c δ∣P ∣/δt, so
f C ＝v(δm/δt ) ＝vδ∣P ∣/c δt ＝vδP /c δt ＝v f P /c＝－G(m M / r 2 ) (v/c)
Eq.(1) is equivalent to Einstein’s equation, then, the multi-bodies gravitational problems now can be strictly solved. f C embodies the tangled interaction between field and source and causes un-modeled acceleration of Pioneer 10/11. Eq.(1) can directly be tested by the absolutely measure the gravitational acceleration in vacuum with long falling pipe or projection method.
The variance in mass of Bondi’s inductive gravitation caused by body B appears nearby body A. When third body C appears nearby bodies A and B, the original masses of A and B will change, the original force f between A and B will also changes. Whether v＝0 or v≠0, the variance in mass of Bondi’s inductive gravitation always leads to that the gravitation f dissatisfies the linear superposition principle. This is an essential character of gravitation described by nonlinear Einstein’s equation and to be called as gravitation shielding effect. For the self shielding effect the mass M of non-mass-point corrects to M (1－q ), q is a positive shielding coefficient :
f ＝－G∞ m M (1－q ) r / r 3 ＝－G (r ) m M r / r 3 (2)
G (r）＝G∞(1－q ), q ＝KΕ ＝K M/ r 2 ＝KρL S/ r 2＝KρLΩ
, G∞ is the gravitational constant of mass-point, E the gravitational field strength, ρ 、L、S the density、thickness、cross section of M respectively, Ω the solid angle of M subtends to m, K is an experimental constant as a section of unit mass. Numerous experimental and observational results such as “gravitation abnormality”during eclipse、“fifth kind force”etc had been explained by Eq. (2). From the average value q ＝1.6×10-13 m-1 measured by F. D. Stacey et al、Q.Majorana etc we get atomic Katom＝9.4×10-14 m2 kg-1.〔Chen Shao-Guang , Nuovo Cimento B 104, 611 (1989)〕. Because of the de. Bloglie wavelength and section of electrons far large than that of nucleons, convert to nucleonic Knucl.＝4.7×10-20 m2 kg-1.
For a neutron star sphere shell ρ ＝6×1017kgm-3, Ω ＝4π, according to Eq. (2) and Knucl, when L＝3m, q ＝1, it can completely isolate the gravitational interaction between inner layer and outside layer.
From the experimental sectionσ＝1×10-47m2 of single nucleon to neutrinoνe we get Kνe ＝1.0×10-21 m2 kg-1, when L＝130m, q ＝1 in Eq. (2), it can completely block off the neutrinos. A neutron star layer of 1km thickness can completely isolate the gravity and information communion via neutrinos and photons, only most-exterior shell of 1km thickness has interaction on the outside world (as an empty spherical shell). Once neutron star come into being, its bosom becomes as a black hole without gravity and violates the equilibrium between Newtonian gravity and centrifugal force in the galaxies, it represents as the phenomena of “dark matter”and“dark energy”.
The maximal gravity inside neutron stars is produced only by the masses of a sphere in radius of 1km, it is impossible that the gravity larger than the pressure of degenerate neutron gas, the neutron stars cannot further collapse into singularity point with infinite density. Therefore, the neutron stars has no upper limit of mass, it can exceed 3M⊙ and could be reach 150 M⊙ indeed several thousands or several millions M⊙ . A black hole with infinite gravity could be formed only for Newtonian gravitational law which satisfies the linear superposition principle but not for nonlinear Einstein’s equation. Otherwise, the necessary rest and isolation condition of spherical symmetry metric such as Schwarzschild’s metric and Kerr’s metric, makes the black holes derived from metric have not matter around it , then, has no gravitational interaction to the outsid
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