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宇宙射线来源仍未知,Hi-Res小组宣称与活动星系核没有丝毫的关联
[楼主] 作者:黄新卫  发表时间:2007/12/29 09:50
点击:454次

宇宙射线来源仍未知
http://www.nature.com/news/2007/071119/full//news.2007.266.html>

宇宙射线来源仍未知,这个问题是宇宙学领域一大谜团。

宇宙射线是指来自宇宙空间的超高能粒子,其能量比地球上最大的加速器产生的粒子能量还要高1亿倍,能量高达1*10的20次方电子伏特。(1电子伏特=1.6*10的负19次方焦耳,换言之,宇宙射线能量为16焦耳,相当于1.6公斤的物体从一米高的地方砸到脚面上释放出的能量。)

这个领域(宇宙射线起源)在过去已经多次"拉响了错误的警报"。

国际上已经建设了多个观测装置试图解决这个问题。 Pierre Auger观测站,南极冰立方等

Published online 19 November 2007 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2007.266

News

Cosmic-ray source still in doubt
High-energy cosmic rays might not be from active galactic nuclei after all.

Katharine Sanderson

The source of high-energy rays, or not?NASA/ Aurore Simonnet, Sonoma State University
The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is one of the great mysteries of cosmology. Last week a team reported that they thought they had tracked down the source. But the first check on that answer, by another team with different data, has failed to support it.

The latest work has not yet been published, so it is hard for the community to know what to make of the results. But the conclusion hints that the mystery of high-energy cosmic rays remains open. "This whole field is a minefield," says Trevor Weekes, a cosmic-ray researcher with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. "Cosmic rays have caused a lot of false alarms in the past."


《科学》杂志评出2007年度十大科学进展

3th: 追踪星际"子弹"

    是什么比原子还小,但却具有如同高尔夫球撞入草地时的能量? 从20世纪60开始,这个谜团便一直困扰着研究高能宇宙射线的物理学家。来自星际的高能粒子撞入地球大气层时具有的能量超过现今加速器所能达到的极限值的1亿倍。今年坐落于阿根廷的皮艾尔.奥格天文台(Pierre Auger Observatory)的观测结论提供了一些关于证实这些宇宙射线究竟来自何方的线索。

    许多物理学家曾推论这些高能射线是来自遥远星系的质子流,但这样的猜测很快便遭受挫折: 90年代,研究者利用位于东京附近的Akeno巨型空气阵雨列阵(Akeno Giant Air Shower Array)观测的结果发现了11"条"能量超过100EeV的高能粒子流--比预计的高出10倍之多。如此的能量颇为令人讶异:因为据现有理论,这些质子流在长远的旅行中理应与大爆炸之后时空残余的射线发生相互作用,因此会致使其能量衰减至60EEV。这些多余的能量似乎在暗示这些高能质子流诞生于银河系附近,或许就是大爆炸时期"锻造"的具有超级质量粒子的残存物。但是位于Utah洲的Hi-Res探测器只观测到两条这样的宇宙射线,理论上这样的射线应来自遥远星系。

  然而,Auger研究团队正着手以自己的方式探究这一谜团。当宇宙射线撞入大气层时将引发离子雪崩效应,AGASA小组曾用遍布于100平方千米的111个探测器采集粒子样本,并借之推断其能量和方位。而Auger小组却使用遍布于3000平方千米的1500个探测器,(离子雪崩将引发空气荧光效应),Hi-Res研究团队利用两组天文望远镜观测分析发生空气荧光效应时的光线,而Auger团队则使用4组。但是该小组最初的结论却令人吃惊:没有发现能量超过60EeV宇宙射线。

    然而戏剧性的是,在11月份的报告里他们又宣称发现了少量能量超过60EeV的射线。据他们推测,这些射线可能产生于活动星系核(AGNs)。【注AGNs是指某些星系中的特别明亮的核,被认为是由于物质落向质量极大的黑洞而引起的。】这些活动星系核位于距地球2.5亿光年之外的地方,如此"近"(这里的近当然是相对的,这里你可隐约地看见天体物理学家和粒子物理学家的某些区别)的距离不足以使宇宙射线(这里指大爆炸时期残存的,和诞生与AGN的射线不同)将它们的能量耗散至很低的程度。但据Auger,这仅仅是一种猜想,或者一种潜在的可能,并且没有人知道AGNs是如何将这些强子激发到如此高的能量。

    在目前看来,相关争论仍将继续。Hi-Res小组宣称这些高能射线与活动星系核没有丝毫的关联,他们目前正与日本的同事一起在Utah州740平方千米的范围内布置望远阵列,该阵列拥有512个探测器和3组观测设备,但是拥有更大望远阵列和更广泛探测地点的Auger小组或许会比他们更先检验自己的猜测。

    高能宇宙射线相关网页:
http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/btoy2007/ru_links.html#ru3links>



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[楼主]  [2楼]  作者:黄新卫  发表时间: 2007/12/29 09:56 

今年11月出版的《科学》杂志刊登了Auger的最新研究成果,认为超高能宇宙射线发射源可能是2.5亿光年内的活动星系核(AGNs),根据是80个能量超过40EeV的事例中,有27个来源方向附近存在活动星系核(AGNs),距离在2.5亿光年内。这项研究显示,现有的物理学基本原则不需要修改,狭义相对论再次度过危机。
然而Hi-Res小组宣称这些高能射线与活动星系核没有丝毫的关联。
看来,超高能宇宙射线的起源仍然是个谜。

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[楼主]  [3楼]  作者:黄新卫  发表时间: 2007/12/29 10:13 

2007年Science十大进展之3-10
3 TRACING COSMIC BULLETS

What's smaller than an atom but crashes into Earth with as much energy as a golf ball hitting a fairway? Since the 1960s, that riddle has tantalized physicists studying the highest energy cosmic rays, particles from space that strike the atmosphere with energies 100 million times higher than particle accelerators have reached. This year, the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina supplied key clues to determine where in space the interlopers come from.



Figure 2 Debris trail. High-energy cosmic rays streaking into Earth's atmosphere shed clues to their source.

Many physicists had assumed the extremely rare rays were protons from distant galaxies. That notion took a hit in the 1990s, when researchers with the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA) near Tokyo reported 11 rays with energies above 100 exa-electron volts (EeV)--about 10 times more than expected. The abundance was tantalizing. On their long trips, protons ought to interact with radiation lingering from the big bang in a way that saps their energy and leaves few with more than 60 EeV. So the excess suggested that the rays might be born in our galactic neighborhood, perhaps in the decays of super-massive particles forged in the big bang. But researchers with the Hi-Res detector in Dugway, Utah, saw only two 100-EeV rays, about as many as expected from far-off sources.

The Auger team set out to beat AGASA and Hi-Res at their own games. When a cosmic ray strikes the atmosphere, it sets off an avalanche of particles. AGASA used 111 detectors spread over 100 square kilometers to sample the particles and infer the ray's energy and direction; Auger comprises nearly 1500 detectors spread over 3000 square kilometers. The avalanche also causes the air to fluoresce. Hi-Res used two batteries of telescopes to see the light; Auger boasts four. In July, the Auger team reported its first big result: no excess of rays above 60 EeV.

Auger still sees a couple of dozen rays above that level, however. Last month, the team reported that they seem to emanate from active galactic nuclei (AGNs): enormous black holes in the middles of some galaxies. The AGNs lie within 250 million light-years of Earth, close enough that cosmic radiation would not have drained the particles' energy en route. Auger researchers haven't yet proved that AGNs are the sources of the rays, and no one knows how an AGN might accelerate a proton to such stupendous energies.

Expect the controversy to continue. Hi-Res researchers say that they see no correlation with AGNs. With Japanese colleagues, they are completing the 740-square-kilometer Telescope Array in Millard County, Utah, which has 512 detectors and three telescope batteries. But with a much bigger array, the Auger team will surely be first to test its own claims.

See Web links on high-energy cosmic rays


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《从真实同时推导出有别于伽利略和洛伦兹的新变换》http://bbs2.xilu.com/cgi-bin/bbs/view?forum=newphysics&message=10472
 [4楼]  作者:余本鲲  发表时间: 2007/12/29 20:29 

对【2楼】说:
争论肯定要有的,都不会善罢甘休。我们何不作壁上观,静候佳音?
[楼主]  [5楼]  作者:黄新卫  发表时间: 2007/12/29 20:44 

在Auger观测所正式建成运作之前,AGASA和HIRES之间的观测结果有严重分歧,AGASA没有看到GZK截断现象,而HIRES看到了,但是也发现少数特殊事例。
为了解决两者之间的分歧,才特意建立了Auger观测所,同时采用AGASA和HIRES两种不同的方法来观测。
原先普遍以为,Auger观测所一年将发现数十例100EeV事例,可是结果却大大出乎意料!Auger的观测结果支持HIRES。
而Auger认为找到发射源,HIRES却反对Auger的观点。这又出乎意料!
原以为Auger的建成能给出超高能宇宙射线来源的答案,现在看来,还远不是这么简单。
我相信随着时间的推移,Auger会发现更多的超高能事例,而且大多在3亿光年之内找不到发射源,结果又回到几年前的状况,对于超高能射线的发射源和GZK疑难,仍然一筹莫展!


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《从真实同时推导出有别于伽利略和洛伦兹的新变换》http://bbs2.xilu.com/cgi-bin/bbs/view?forum=newphysics&message=10472
 [6楼]  作者:余本鲲  发表时间: 2007/12/29 21:09 

无论给迄今观测到的这些超高能宇宙线事例如何确定发射源,我还是坚信,一定有能量超过GZK阈值、且来自远大于3亿光年之外超高能质子光临地球,尽管发生的几率非常之小。

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